Part Two: Going Dutch.

Woodblock print by Utagawa Kunisada
1847

Dutch factory at Dejima

 

Despite the restrictions placed on foreign trade and relations, Japan after 1639 was not entirely closed to foreign influence.  The Portuguese, despite their huge importance in Japan’s history, had not been the only Europeans to establish trade in Japan. The first Dutch ship arrived in 1600 and the Dutch East India Company [the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie; the VOC], formed in 1602, opened a trading factory in Hirado in September 1609 and following the expulsion of the Portuguese in 1639, they became the only Europeans allowed to remain in Japan although their presence was strictly limited. They were forced to move to Dejima, a tiny artificial island in Nagasaki Bay where they remained under Japanese scrutiny, with access to Dejima by locals interested in seeing these exotic Europeans, limited to local officials and courtesans. However, true to their mercantile nature and in spite of political ctosswinds, Dutch paintings and more commonly, woodblock prints, continued to be 

Early 17th century Japanese blue and white porcelain

                                             available for sale to all!

Antique lacquered tea set. Kyoto.

Although the chief purpose of trade with Japan was mainly for Europe to obtain their gold, silver and copper, the luxury goods produced by Japanese craftsmen to a very high standard, had a huge appeal and these quickly became a significant part of the goods shipped back to the West. Lacquer was unknown in the West and the Portuguese quickly saw its decorative potential and began to commission objects designed to appeal to the European market. The early nanban lacquer goods for the Portuguese were not of the usual high Japanese standard as the trade potential of lacquer was initially underestimated by the Japanese, but there are examples on museum display today of high-quality lacquer objects made for the Dutch during the 1630s and early 1640s.

Kakiemon ware.
The most famous Kakiemon designs were often asymmetrical
Exported to Europe by the Dutch, Kakiemon signficantly
influenced the early decorative styles of
Chelsea, Bow and Worcester pottery in England.

Although lacquered objects were highly sought after, they were always of secondary importance to the porcelain first made in Arita in the north of Kyushu. This porcelain, influenced heavily by the Chinese and Korean, was entirely different from earlier Japanese ceramics. The decoration on the early Japanese blue and white export pottery closely followed Chinese models with some incorporating the initials VOC, the monogram of the Dutch East India Company. Another type of Japanese porcelain was Kakiemon ware, characterised by simple, often asymmetrical designs using bright colours including red, light blue, bluish green and yellow with sometimes a little gilding; all on a fine white background. Again, several Kakiemon enamelling studios wete situated in Arita. This was the costliest and most sought-after type of Japanese porcelain exported to Europe by the Dutch, and widely copied by the Dutch, German, French and English potteries.

The most iconic woodblock image for Europeans: 
The Wave off the Coast of Kanigawa
by Hokusai, c 1831.

When the Shogun, (military ruler) Tokugawa Yoshimune (1684-1751) eventually relaxed the rules regarding the importation of foreign books, the Dutch and their scientific knowledge became the subject of both Japanese scholarly enquiry and popular interest. And the latter half of the 18^th century saw the development of rangaku or ‘Dutch learning’ which became an important intellectual alternative to the prevalent China-based discussion. The Dutch, though ‘only merchants’ received the rare honour of regular audiences with the Shogun, and the taste for ‘Dutch things’ became widespread and varied, with images of Europeans appearing on fashionable items such as combs and netsuke [miniature sculptures]. For most Japanese, the rangaku represented the new and the fashionable with the Dutch, highly regarded.

Geisha in a Hurry.
Woodblock print by Utagawa Kunisyasu
c 1816

Modern lacquerware A4 storage box
combining beauty with functionality

In understanding the reaction of Japanese culture to that of other Western nations, emphasis is often placed on the polarity between ‘native’ and ‘foreign’ but a brief overview also shows a journey of the ‘foreign’ and ‘exciting’ moving from the ‘strange and different’ to one of gradual acceptance and a consistent pattern of assimilation and absorption emerges. The Dutch, like the Portuguese before them, had a significant effect on the culture of the Edo period but the confidence and trust inspired by the Dutch was heavily influenced by that nation's relentless mercantilism and lack of religious desire to proselytize. 

N.B. These two little essays on Japan began with the intention of discovering the effect of Japanese on the English language, but I was side-tracked into the fascination of Japan’s early history, vis-à-vis foreigners; an important part of its historical narrative.

  

In the Beginning .... Part One.

 

 

Arrival of the Portuguese  1543
Painted according to traditional Japanese iconography;
the foreigners bring the treasure of health and happiness.

The first Europeans to arrive in Japan did so by accident rather than design. In 1543, a Portuguese ship was blown off course by a typhoon, shipwrecking the crew on an island called Tanegashima off the south-western coast of Japan. Somewhere, there will be a whole narrative describing the sailors’ unexpected lives on a Japanese island but suffice it to say now, that the Portuguese, ever the market traders, quite soon established more formal, commercial traffic through the major port of Nagasaki and again, in the vanguard of the contemporary imperative for Christianity to conquer the world, in 1549, the Jesuit priest, Father Francis Xavier ( 1506-1552) arrived to found the first Christian mission in Japan and begin a centuries-long connection between the Jesuits and Japan.

'Foreigners' arriving in Nagasaki
wearing strange clothes.

Saint Francis Xavier 1506-1552
Co-founder of the Jesuits

The Portuguese also introduced new forms of artistic expression to Japan such as oil painting, the organ, theatre and literature. The Japanese created original works inspired by Portuguese culture like the namban byobu which depicted scenes from the lives of the Portuguese in Japan and the nanban bungaku reflecting on the cultural and religious differences between the two peoples. Music too was an area of cultural exchange; the Jesuits taught the Japanese, Gregorian chant and polyphonic music and the use of musical instruments such as the organ, violin and flute.

Japanese depiction of the Portuguese
as 'the other', wearing eccentric
balloon-like trousers.

The fascination aroused by the arrival of the Europeans is revealed in many objects of late sixteenth/early seventeenth cultural objects such as in decorated screens, flasks and stirrups. These decorations usually showed what the artist imagined the object or person to resemble, they never having seen an actual foreigner or a specific foreign object. In the images here, the Portuguese are shown with long noses and balloon-like trousers on a screen produced in Kyoto, the capital, not in Nagasaki where the nanban-jin, the foreigners, had arrived. Similarly, in the image on the screen [above] depicting the arrival of the Portuguese, their ship is shown bringing wealth and happiness from over the seas while the sailors are the bearers of good fortune; all of this is

in accordance with  traditional Japanese iconography.

17th century Japanese matchlock musket,
copied from the Portuguese.

But the Portuguese also brought modern weapons like the matchlock guns and these sophisticated killing arms had a significant impact during the Japanese civil war in the early Edo period, 1615-1868. Japan’s feuding warlords quickly recognised the power of the matchlock and within a decade, guns were being produced in Japan in large numbers. Traditional Japanese armour was relatively powerless against the new guns and so heavier, Western armour-plate was widely copied.

Traditional Japanese helmet and
neck guard.

The arrival of Christianity had a profound effect on Japan. Father Francis’s mission became the most successful in Asia and by the early 1590s, there were an estimated 215,000 Japanese Christians. The
Imperial Regent of Japan, Toyotomi Hideoshi (1537-1598) began to sense that this popular Christian God was a threat to his authority, and he issued a decree expelling all Christians, which, though never fully carried out, triggered the persecution and executions of Christians under the later rule of Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) and his successors, culminating in the outlawing of Christianity in 1614 and the execution of thousands of martyrs, among them the 26 saints of Japan who were crucified at Nagasake in 1597. In 1637/8, following a failed Christian uprising, all Japanese Christians were forced to renounce their religion or be executed as Christianity presented a perceived threat. During this period, Japanese Christians kept their faith secret, forming communities of Kakure Kirishitan, hidden Christians, who survived for centuries without contact with the outside world.

 Franciscan missionaries
persecuted in Japan 1597.

 From 1639, under the sakoku or ‘closed country’ policy, all Portuguese were forbidden entry to the country as were missionaries, and most foreign trade was prohibited. This policy of national seclusion, sakoku, was considered essential to maintaining political stability under the Tokugawa Shogunate and continued for almost two centuries with trade restricted to Chinese and Dutch merchants only. The Dutch were seen as less of a political threat than other Europeans, as they were primarily interested in trade and did not attempt to convert the Japanese to Christianity.

Japanese women and Dutch traders await the arrival
of a Dutch ship being towed into harbour at Dejima.

 

From Anime to Zen

 Anime= a style of Japanese film and animation for both children and adults. 

                     Zen = signifies a state of inner calm.

Rickshaw.
From Pictures of Old Japan
Charles Gillot

I am unsure as to why I suddenly noticed how many words used commonly in English, came from the Japanese; perhaps I read a passing comment somewhere which alerted me. I know not but I do know that suddenly I was tripping over words like ‘tycoon’ and ‘rickshaw’, and then trailing behind them came, ‘origami’, ‘futon’ ‘sudoku’, ‘haiku’

Cool emoji
There are emojis to suit every conceivable
emotion or situation.

, ‘emoji’, ‘sushi’ and ‘ginkgo’. These are words in common usage in the English language, and this realisation has set me off, greyhound-style, chasing the Japanese and quietly wondering if the traffic is two-way.

Tsundoku is a word known to the bookish. To be used
and admired for the Japanese dexterity in
coining in one word, a wholly recognisable habit.

According to that impeccable linguistic source, The Oxford English Dictionary, the long history of contact and mutual influence between the Japanese and English has left an enduring legacy in the vocabulary of each language. This can be observed in the several hundred words of Japanese origin recorded in the OED. Apparently, five Japanese words arrived here in the 1500s though only one, an early Mandarin Chinese word, Cipan, meaning ‘sun origin’ has survived and this word travelled to us via the Portuguese! Five more Japanese words are recorded as appearing in the 17^th century, and these were chopstick, kimono, sake, shogun and samurai. However, the OED now lists 552 Japanese words in English, some dating from as early as the 16^th century, and these are referred to as ‘loanwords’ which neatly summarises one aspect of the inheritance! Although perhaps originally loaned, many words of Japanese origin have also entered our language to such a degree that we don’t even notice their existence. Everyday words and phrases have become ‘ours’ like ‘the kamikaze spirit’ or ‘a tsunami disaster’, together with culinary terms such as ‘teriyaki’ and ‘sushi’ and cultural concepts such as ‘zen’, a state of tranquillity, and ‘manga’, Japanese comics, and these, while perhaps suggesting a glimpse of the Japanese culture, also enrich the English language while becoming interwoven within it. Perhaps, the simplicity of some Japanese words plus their very particular meanings, also make them appealing to the English speaker.

Awe-inspiring tattoo on the back of a yakuza.
Intricate tattoos are a tradition among Japanese mafia
known as yakuzas

This linguistic exchange reflects the growing global interconnectedness. Before WW2, Japan was relatively remote from the Western world but then came the dreadful betrayal of Pearl Harbour in 1941, eventually followed by the appalling atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki which brought WW2 to an end. After the end of WW2, the Japanese Emperor and his family were removed from power, losing their erstwhile god-like status and the country was forced to become a more modern, ‘Western-style’ nation. This was partially driven by the large occupying American force which virtually administered the country from 1945-1952 during which period, the Japanese were heavily exposed to American culture and the English language. And, of course, in reverse fashion, the young Americans absorbed at least some of the Japanese culture and language.

Samurai
Combining the terrifying with the
purely decorative.

 A few examples of the many words from the Japanese that are ubiquitous in current English, are:  dashi, ikebana, kombucha, origami, reiki, tempura, teriyaki, kamikaze, tsunami, wasabi, futon, rickshaw, typhoon, samurai, ninja, emoji, haiku, honcho, (often used in English as ‘head honcho’),  ramen, hunky-dory, soy, dojo (place for martial arts), tycoon.

By Eminem.

Resilience or The Malala Story

Malala Yousafzai

Walking around my flat, to which I am presently, though temporarily, confined because of a mysterious leg pain, I was feeling a little rebellious about my circumstances this morning  when I reminded myself that part of my self-image is of my normal resilience. I expect to cope with whatever Life throws at me, including the increasing burdens of ageing! And, of course, I am, and I do.

Malala with her inspiration: her father Ziauddin

But with the concept of resilience thus in my head, I then happened to see a photo online of Malala Yousafzai, a confident young woman now grown from the young teenager she was when she first shot to fame at the age of 12 or 13. The phrase, ‘shot to fame’, used without irony, is rather apt. In 2009 she had begun writing a blog under a pseudonym criticising the increasing Taliban military activity in her hometown, and voicing fears that her school would be attacked. Somehow her identity was revealed but she, and her father, headmaster of a school in their village, courageously continued to speak out publicly about the necessity of female education. Archbishop Desmond Tutu nominated her for the International Children’s Peace Prize in 2011. In 2012, still living in her home area of the Swat Valley in Pakistan, she began publicly opposing Taliban restrictions on female education.

Malala and family in Birmingham, post shooting

The Taliban’s attack on Malala happened on 9^th October 2012, after she had begun her anti-Taliban protests, when she was shot three times in the head by a gunman who boarded her school bus and demanded, “Who is Malala?” as she returned home with her friends. This atrocity shocked the world and in Pakistan alone, over 2 million people signed a ‘Right to Education for Girls’ petition and the National Assembly ratified Pakistan’s first ‘Right to Free and Compulsory Education’ Bill. Surgeons removed several bullets from Malala’s head, and then, due to the severity of her injuries, she was flown, still in a coma, to England for medical treatment and rehabilitation in a specialist trauma centre in Birmingham. Initially she was alone in Birmingham, her father remaining in the Swat Valley with the rest of his family who had no passports, to protect them, though her parents did see her soon after the shooting. They were distraught to see that the left side of her face was paralysed, and she couldn’t smile. Surgeons operated to repair Malala’s damaged facial nerve and after three months, movement began returning to her face.

Malala's mother, Toor Pekai Yousafzai
She originally believed that a daughter should never leave 
the house alone. She is the most connected to the Pashtun
traditional ways around her but unusually, she and Ziauddin
chose each other to marry and treat each other as equals. He
always asks her for her advice which he greatly values.

One year later, she and her father, her declared inspiration and ally, co-founded The Malala Fund to further enhance public awareness of the social and economic impact of girls’ education, and to empower girls to demand change. On her 16^th birthday, July 12^th, 2013, she spoke at the United Nations, calling for all children to have access to education. In December 2014, she became the youngest-ever Nobel Peace Prize laureate at 17, awarded for her work in promoting education for all children, and in 2017 Secretary-General Antonio Guterres designated Malala as a United Nations Messenger of Peace to help further raise awareness of the importance of girls’ education.

Proud Muslim father

Malala was born in July 1997 and unusually, her father, Ziauddin Yousafzai, vowed she would have every opportunity normally given to a boy. This was a rare and important paternal gift to a daughter in Pakistan where daughters were less prized than sons and may well have conferred confident feelings of being a special person on Malala. Despite his family's sadness at the birth of a daughter, Ziauddin insisted that his baby girl's name be included in the family tree, much to the horror of the wider family. All of his life, Ziauddin has spoken up for human rights and girls' education, insisting that girls too could attend his village school and thus incurring the public wrath of the local Mullah. He continued with his vocal support for girls' education, even when his friends and supporters were shot by the Taliban for their beliefs, and when everyone around him expected he would be the next casualty. He wasn't; the Taliban shot his teenage daughter instead.  He is passionate and confident in his beliefs and has spoken up publicly, and written about, honour killings and of course, women's rights. Indeed it is obvious why Malala is so confident and public in her support of girls' right to education.                         

Speaking at the U.N. on her 16th birthday, calling for all
children to have access to education.
July 12th 2013.

                                   

She grew up believing she had the right to speak her mind on sensitive issues and has developed into a prominent human rights activist and advocate for girls’ education, especially in Pakistan, becoming a global symbol of the fight for human rights. Married in 2021 to Asser Malik after the couple met at Oxford University in 2018, she is currently focussed on her duties as executive Chair and co-founder of the Malala Fund advocating for girls' education globally. She is also involved in various projects including film production and writing, continuing to represent girls'voices and demands. She has her own film production company, Extracurricular, and is actively involved in Hollywood advocating in particular, for more diverse representation.

Reading around the topic of Malala, I came across the framework developed by Dr Kenneth Ginsburg, which he called ‘The Seven Cs of Resilience’, qualities which he suggested work together to help individuals develop resilience and navigate difficult changes effectively.

Competence: knowing how to handle situations effectively and having a sense of personal efficacy.

Confidence: Having faith in one’s ability to succeed and persevere through challenges.  

Connection: Having strong social ties and a sense of belonging to a community.

Character: Having a strong moral compass and understanding of right and wrong.

Yousafzai family as the children grow up.
Malala's brothers are Khushal and Atal.

Contribution: Making a positive impact on others and feeling a sense of purpose.

Coping: Developing effective strategies to manage stress and adversity.

Control: Having a sense of urgency and the ability to make choices that impact one’s life.

It is likely that Malala has never heard of the Seven Cs but the silhouette outlined in the list above, is eerily Malala-shaped.

 

Post Script

We learn from her autobiography, I Am Malala, that her father, Ziauddin, kept a famous poem in his pocket for inspiration, (written by Martin Niemoller, prominent German  Lutheran pastor known for his staunch opposition to the Nazi regime and for his efforts to uphold Christian values.)

First they came for the communists,

and I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a communist.

Then they came for the socialists, 

and I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a socialist.

Martin Niemoller released Oct 28th 1945 after
imprisonment by Nazis in Sachsenhausen
&  Dachau from 1938, including three years
solitary.

Then they came for the trade unionists,

and I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a trade unionist.

Then they came for the Jews,

and I didn’t speak out because I was not a Jew.

Then they came for the Catholics,

and I didn’t speak out because I was not a Catholic.

Then they came for me,

                                        and there was no one left to speak for me.

The Barbarians Are At The Gate ***

Trump in favourite pose.

 I have been both astonished and dismayed by the recent Ttump assault on Harvard and other universities. Why would the Government of the only world superpower seek to publicly denigrate, insult, and punish their most prestigious and globally respected institutions of higher education. The proud boast contained in the name, Harvard, somehow combines the guarantee of a first-class university glowing with global name recognition and respect, while signalling a subtle echo of the inequalities in American life. Future American world leaders almost automatically attend Harvard [or, indeed, Yale or Stanford]. Normally, kids from public housing do not.

Lots of support for Harvard.

SO, what is it with Trump? He has just threatened to re-direct $3bn of Harvard research funding to vocational schools after which he sent a letter to federal agencies instructing them to review the $100m in contracts the Government has already awarded Harvard and find “alternative vendors” where possible. More than $3bn in research grants has been frozen and foreign students [part of the university’s life blood, it may be assumed] suspended from enrolling at Harvard.

Claudia Gay, former President, Harvard, and the 
first black person to hold that distinguished role.

Taking on Trump
Observer. 1/06/2025

 

The U.S. Administration’s explanation for this onslaught is that there has been a perceived failure to address antisemitism on campus following prolonged anti-Israel protests at universities across the country since the start of the war in Gaza. In December 2023 three prominent university presidents, including the then President of Harvard, Claudine Gay, struggled publicly to answer whether students calling for the ‘genocide of Jews’ violated their student conduct codes on bullying and harassment. In April, Harvard released the results of a university task force review [commissioned by Gay before Trump’s election] of antisemitism and anti-Muslim prejudice on its campus. It found that many Jewish and Muslim students faced bias, exclusion and alienation from the university curriculum and its community

Alan Garber; 31st President of Harvard

 And here we must introduce our hero! Enter Alan Garber, current President of Harvard, mild-mannered, small in stature, Jewish by happenstance, and possessing no obvious external heroic characteristics whatsoever. In March when the Trumpian onslaught began with its first antisemitic accusation and its corresponding ‘review’ of the $9bn grant, Garber responded in mild tones agreeing to comply with any federal task force on antisemitism but when, a month later, came the demand that he ‘audit’ the opinions of students and faculty members then ban pro- Palestinian student organisations, he simply refused. In his response, Garber wrote: “No government –regardless of which party is in power—should dictate what private universities can teach, whom they can admit and how, and which areas of study and inquiry they can pursue.”  The Administration rapidly took up the challenge and with the chilling “Let this serve as a warning”, its Joint Task Force to Combat Antisemitism re-sent the long list of changes that Harvard must make, including terminating diversity programmes, reforming admissions and hiring, by screening foreign students for views hostile to ‘American values’ and expanding and protecting ‘viewpoint diversity’ among students and faculty.

Harvard Commencement, 2025, demonstrating
support for Alan Garber's approach to dealing
with Trump's destructive attempts.

This was a declaration of war and Trump gratefully leapt into further action. He froze federal funds and 
revoked the university’s right to enrol foreign students. Garber managed through the courts to try to block the restriction and continued with his normal professional routine, by chance on the same day as he obtained judicial support, giving a speech at the annual graduation ceremony. He addressed “Members of the class of 2025 from down the street, across the country and around the world” He then repeated, “Around the world, just as it should be” and his huge Harvard audience erupted into prolonged and raucous supporting cheers. He went on to reiterate the point that the frozen billions included funding for the kind of medical research that has brought enormous health benefits to the nation, and he suggested that the Administration’s decisions regarding sanctions which will negatively affect the blameless, wider population, as ‘perplexing’. Garber’s persistent, stubborn but courteous mildness in responding to Trump’s crude threats has won wide approval and simply reinforced the positive opinion already in place, of this former co-operative and capable chief academic officer, a position he had held at Harvard for more than a decade before becoming President.

Charlie Kirk, young but extremely right wing founder
of Turning Point and a Fox News stalwart.

This current assault by the Trump Government on not only Harvard, but also other prestigious universities such as Princeton, Stanford, the University of Pennsylvania et al, looks like a battle with elite higher education in an effort to re-shape universities to a more conservative-friendly image but there are supporters of the Trumpian mindset.   “Universities are not about the pursuit of knowledge; they’re about the forceful pushing of a left-wing world view,” said Charlie Kirk, founder of the Conservative group, Turning Point USA, in a Fox News interview last month. “we’re here to shake it up.”

Many on the right have long viewed American college campuses as hotbeds of liberal indoctrination as demonstrated  [in their view]  with left wing, antiwar radicalism in the 1960s; political correctness in the 1990s; Occupy Wall Street anti-capitalism of the 2000s or the Black Lives Matter movement and anti-Israel demos in recent years. Currently, the Dept. of Education has launched investigations into ten universities for alleged antisemitism; warned dozens of others of similar enquiries while investigating 52 universities for illegal race-based programmes.

As Greg Wolfson, President of the American Association of University Professors observes, “The fact that we have multiracial, multicultural, multinational universities is a boon. It creates diverse communities and really diverse intellectual thought.” As with so many of Trump's policies, this denigration of Ivy League universities, supposedly popular with his base, is not generally applauded. Indeed a clear majority of the population are aghast at the unprecedented revenge spree of what is effectively, a prolonged bout of national self-destruction which will damage American soft power and kill or damage, one of the country's major exports, namely premium higher education.

Just say No!

Barbarians at The Gate ***

A Greek expression, subsequently adopted by the Romans, to indicate originally, those who spoke a different language. But eventually the expression simply reiterated the assumption that the Greeks and Romans believed they were superior and more civilised than other peoples.

The Salgado Duo/ The Salgaduo!

Sebastiao Salgado

Lelia Wanick Salgado

On May 23^rd  2025, Sebastiao Salgado died of leukaemia in Paris aged 81.. He was born in February 1944 in Aimores in Brazil and reading news of his death, I suddenly remembered meeting his name for the first time, plus a few examples of his work, in an exhibition in London, perhaps fifteen or twenty years ago. Then, I had been impressed with his wonderful photographs, but since reading his obituaries, I have become even more impressed with the richness of his creativity, and equally enthralled to learn about his wife, Lelia Wanick Salgado, and the achievements of their frankly astonishing partnership.

On Landscape

Serra Pilada gold mine in Brazil.
1986-1989

Hole cut in ice.
Brave old world.

Waterborne travel for centuries.

A drift of penguins

  He trained as an economist with a Master’s in the University of Sao Paolo and a PhD from the University of Paris, eventually beginning his professional life as an economist with the International Coffee Organisation, often travelling to Africa on missions for the World Bank. It was on these trips to Africa that Salgado first started seriously experimenting with photography, becoming increasingly absorbed with its creative possibilities. In 1973 he switched permanently from economics to photography, working initially on news assignments for the photo agency, Sygma, and the Paris-based Gamma, before delving into more documentary-style work in 1979 when he joined the famous international co-operative of photographers, Magnum Photos. He produced much distinctive work for Magnum before leaving in 1994 when he formed his own agency in Paris, together with his wife, Lelia Wanick Salgado, to promote Salgado’s work. Their agency was called Amazonas Images and was notable for its many examples of his fine social documentary photography though he also continued to work on long-term, self-contained photographic projects, many of which were published as books such as The Other Americas; Sahel; Workers; Migrations; and Genesis. The first three in this list are effectively mammoth collections of hundreds of Salgado images from around the world and include perhaps his most famous series of photographs of gold miners in Brazil called Serra Pelada, taken between 1986 and 1989. He has also been a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador since 2001.

Wonderful reptilian shot.

Between 2004 and 2011, Salgado worked on Genesis, aiming at the presentation of Nature with unblemished images of man and landscape consisting of a series of photographs of nature including wildlife and human communities still living in accordance with their ancestral traditions and cultures such as the Amazonian rainforest and its people.  In September and October 2007 Salgado mounted a large display of his photographs of coffee workers in India, Guatemala, Ethiopia and Brazil at the Brazilian Embassy in London with the aim of raising public awareness of the origins of this ubiquitous drink.

Sebastiao and Lelia have been responsible for
planting over 3 million trees in Brazil

Alongside his many photographic projects Sebastiao also co-operated with Lelia, his wife, on her reforestation and conservation work in Brazil. They began with Salgado’s boyhood terrain, the Bulcao farm, acquired through family, which consisted of the impoverished land he had inherited which they intended to restore but in fact, through working successfully on that, they moved on to found the Instituto Terra in 1998,to provide environmental education, to restore water and to try to plant many trees. Their dream was to return to Nature what decades of environmental degradation had destroyed and to spread awareness of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and its delicate ecosystem that connects all living things within it.

There are SO many Salgado superb 
atmospheric photographs of landscape.

Twenty-five years later, that same degraded space has become a paradise, a forest with 50 feet trees and land sufficiently saved and improved that many animals have returned; there are now jaguars, macaque monkeys, 172 documented species of birds. In fact Instituto Terra has won  many awards for its huge success in reclaiming land, restoring animal habitats, revitalising degraded streams and rivers. Awards among many, include the prestigious Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity; and endowments from the Zurich Insurance Group and the King Baudouin Foundation of Belgium thus gaining not only essential financial support but also important international visibility. Awards of money to the Salgados have passed for the last several years into a fund within the King Baudouin Foundation to try to guarantee the Instituto Terra continues in perpetuity. It is now under the guidance of their son, Juliano Ribeiro Salgado.When asked which legacy the Salgados prized the most; artistic or environmental, Lelia replied that with photographs, many people can be reached and educated but, as she says, “The planet needs forests. They are more important.” However, she adds that they receive so many offers of help from people moved by their photographs, such as those in their Amazonia exhibition, who feel compelled to contribute. I happened upon an advertisement by Sotheby's and the Instituto Terra "for an innovative three-week long exhibition of award winning artist Sebastiao Salgado's most celebrated photographs, a Benefit Auction and a show-stopping Gala at Sotheby's New York on Wednesday September 28, 2022."                                                                                     

Penguins in stately procession.

The following facts were added to the above: 

Over the  last 24 years the Instituto Terra has successfully:                                                              1. 1.Planted nearly 3 million trees native to Brazil's Atlantic Forest                                                  2.Revitalised over two thousand degraded water springs.                                                                  3.Produced various educational programmes that train farmers, public officials and children in the conservation and restoration of native ecosystems.      4.Brought back more than 250 animal species to the land, including endangered animals such as the puma."

Genesis: Windswept

Salgado with Lula da Silva, President of Brazil.
Holding a copy of Genesis.