Tempus Fugit.

 

 From time to time, one hears older people musing gently, or even sadly, on the speed of time passing and this mirrors the opinion which everyone holds at various points in life, though there is an age differential here. An afternoon passes quickly if one is absorbed in a book or a hobby or an activity or an interesting job at the age of sixty say, but if one is six, an empty afternoon is just too long to contemplate, especially if alone or waiting. Waiting is difficult for any age but almost impossible for the young.

The ancient Romans had profound insights into the fleeting nature of existence. Latin quotes about time passing have endured for centuries, reminding us that every day moments slip away irretrievably. These timeless phrases, often inscribed on sundials, clocks, and monuments, capture the essence of life’s transience. Whether you’re seeking motivation to seize the day or reflection on the inexorable march of

Tempus fugit.

hours, exploring Latin quotes about time passing offers deep wisdom that resonates even today. Several well-known examples are:

1.Tempus Fugit; The meaning? Life is short; don’t waste it. Reflect on how quickly years pass and let ‘Tempus Fugit’ motivate you to pursue passions or settle arguments before time passes you by.

2. Carpe Diem; Horace’s ‘Carpe Diem’ is iconic, urging us to pluck the day like ripe fruit. Tied to time passing swiftly, its meaning is ‘Focus on now, not distant tomorrows’. Time passes quickly; harvest today’s joys and enrich your life.

3.Memento Mori; This links directly to time passing, reminding of mortality. Time is finite; death awaits. Knowing life ends makes present moments precious. Live, fully, aware that time passes toward an inevitable close. As Virgil and Horace knew, awareness of fleeting moments and enjoying them, enriches life profoundly.

The Latin phrase for ‘pass the time’ is ’vivo’. In fact, in Latin, vivo literally means ‘I live’ but it is used idiomatically to convey the idea of occupying oneself while one waits, by doing not much or patiently repeating some familiar, repetitive action which does not need too much 

Seneca the Greek philosopher

thought, like knitting or digging or painting a wall. The usage reflects the Roman perspective that living actively or engaging in daily activities is exactly how one ‘passes time.’ Interim agere is the Roman phrase for that, while agere tempus suggests occupying time in another, perhaps desultory even mindless, way can fill the time waiting. Tempus fugit is such a common expression, always uttered with the correct, precise meaning by ordinary people with no claim to scholarly knowledge or study. We all know what the phrase means because its common use to emphasise the swift passage of time is so familiar to us.

The concept of time’s relentless passage fascinated Roman poets and philosophers like Virgil, Ovid, Horace, and Seneca. Their words on how time flies or devours everything, offer timeless guidance and are intended to encourage mindfulness, resilience and purposeful living. As Virgil and Horace knew, awareness of fleeting moments enriches life profoundly. They inspire action, gratitude and resilience.

Virgil

Horace

 

Pompeii

 

Many perished during sleep.

Plaster casts of victims, made in 1961

The ruins of Pompeii were initially uncovered in the late 16th century when the architect, Domenico Fontana, was commissioned to dig a canal near the Sarno River some time in 1592. During this work, fragments of buildings, inscriptions and frescoes were discovered though their significance was not recognised at the time, and the discoveries were largely ignored. Early digging in the area was often haphazard and focused on treasure hunting so that it was not until 1748 that formal excavations were begun, spurred on by the recent findings at nearby Herculaneum in 1738/48, where excavations had gradually revealed streets, houses and public buildings preserved under volcanic ash. Its historical importance was confirmed with the discovery of an inscription in 1763 definitively identifying the site as Pompeii. Although discovered in the 16th century most of the scientific research on what was effectively a prosperous Roman seaside town, has been relatively recent, particularly during, and since 1961.

Plaster cast of child victim of the eruption

It has been estimated that around 2,000 people perished in the Mount Vesuvius eruptions in Pompeii and nearby towns, though archaeologists now believe that many more had escaped than originally thought. The terrible event has been studied extensively, in part because of the remarkable preservation of many features of Roman life found beneath the layers of ash and pumice and, in addition, many witnesses who survived, also left written accounts of the calamity which have sparked continuing interest.

2000 year old small metal surgical instruments
recently uncovered in the leather bag of
a medicus.

One area extensively excavated during 1961 has been dubbed the Garden of the Fugitives when plaster casts were made from the voids left in the ash by the bodies of the volcano's victims; around 104 in total. Within one of these plaster casts a small case made from 'organic material', probably leather, was found although the case's contents had remained a mystery. This current investigation, using X ray and CT scans, has now revealed that the case contained several small metal instruments thought to be surgical tools and a slate tablet probably used for preparing medicines such as honey, wine, vinegar and plant extracts. The case was locked with a mechanism based on a toothed wheel. The man accompanying this medical kit was probably a medicus trained in medicine and surgery, possibly planning to treat people affected by the eruption, or perhaps hoping to escape the worst and rebuild a new life, thanks to his profession. He was carrying a small fabric bag containing bronze and silver coins which again points to the notion of escaping to make a new life, elsewhere. Educated Greek slaves had sometimes filled this role of medicus, but by the time of the Vesuvius eruption, when Titus was the Roman Emperor, medicine had gained a higher status. The practice of medicine had become valued by wealthy Romans though the ultimate stage of surgery, a life-saving operation, did entail serious risks. There were no antibiotics or anaesthetics and patients often died from subsequent infections. In addition, the causes of illnesses were not well understood; diseases like malaria were thought to be caused by bad air (the Greek 'miasma' theory) and Roman medical treatments and solutions often dealt with the superstitions of supposed curses and malign spirits which were powerful and greatly feared.

Roman surgical practice.

Other artefacts found with the victims of Mount Vesuvius include house keys and  oil lamps while some who died had been carrying precious jewels and purses of gold money; clearly, their most treasured possessions, as they sought to escape the eruption and establish new lives. Today, Pompeii is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most significant archaeological sites in the world with ongoing excavations continuing to reveal new insights into Roman life..

There are many casts of people in the last moments of
their lives in the Garden of The Fugitives.
These casts portray victims in all their tender and heart-breaking
vulnerability, doomed to die but caught for posterity in their final struggles. 

Garden of the Fugitives today.
UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Roman Shipwreck Found off Sicily

Ancient map of Sicily

Amphorae on the seabed around the shipwreck, scattered there 
over 2000 years ago.

 Palermo police diver navigating and probing
near the submerged vessel.

 A 2100-year-old Roman shipwreck has been discovered about three miles off the coast of Mazara del Vallo, in Sicily, offering a remarkable glimpse into an ancient Mediterranean trade. The wreck was first noticed by underwater fisherman and free diver, Giacomo De Mola, who spotted an unusual shape on his boat’s sonar scanner. Intrigued, he dived down to the spot indicated at a depth of 46 metres and discovered what had been a Roman merchant vessel which had measured roughly 21 metres by six metres together  with a vast expanse of amphorae scattered around the wreck on the seabed. Clearly the wooden vessel, which had been likely preserved for two thousand years by being submerged below the sand and mud, had been transporting the amphorae, the tall cylindrical clay jars made in North Africa and traditionally used to transport wine across the extensive trade networks of the Roman Mediterranean. De Mola immediately alerted the Sicilian Region’s Superintendent of the Sea and Italian authorities, including the cultural heritage protection unit of the Palermo police which have documented the site, calling it a significant underwater archaeological discovery which must be protected.     

Roman amphorae, still serviceable.

The wreck is considered exceptionally well-preserved with the ceramic amphorae largely intact after more than two millennia on the seabed. Researchers plan to continue mapping and studying the site to reconstruct the ship’s archaeological context and ensure its preservation. Roman shipwrecks like this one, in the Mediterranean, indicate that Roman maritime commerce reached its peak between 100 B.C.E. and 100 C..E. Beyond the Mediterranean Sea, Roman ships sailed on European rivers like the Rhone, the Po and the Tiber and may even have traversed the Nile. Trade ships often carried grains and oils as well as wines along with building materials like lumber and marble plus olive oil and preserved fish, all usually transported in clay amphorae.

Carabinieri exploring and notetaking around the wreck

This remarkable find not only enriches current understanding of Roman maritime history but also highlights Sicily’s historical role which occupied a strategic position at the centre of Mediterranean trade routes connecting commercial networks across Southern Europe, North Africa and the wider Mediterranean.  It also underscores the potential for further underwater archaeological discoveries in the Mediterranean.

 

Post Script

The discovery also offers a unique opportunity to study the marine ecosystem that has developed within and around the wreck, which now hosts species such as moray eels and dusky groupers, the latter being deep-bodied fish found generally in the Mediterranean and the Eastern Atlantic. 

Dusky Grouper

Thinking Back at 92.

Probably our birthday. 
1951. 11,15,17.

July 1941, Front lawn, 14, Lindhurst
Lane, Mansfield, with Dad.
Ages: 1,5,7.

Averil, possibly 1936/7
Before I started wearing specs.

I have just been skimming over some of my blogs and finding such interesting little essays which I had forgotten having written! I wanted to find the blog I knew I had composed about our birthdays, that is, July 28^th, the joint birthdays of Esme, born 1936, Heather, born 1940 and me, born 1934. I always think of my sisters at this time of year, and wish they were still here with me, particularly Heather, as she and I had such a long and strong friendship, with so much in common. And each year I wonder how it was that I survived, i.e. lived, longer than they did; what it was that happened to me and not to them to account for that. I was the only one of the three sisters who had been ill quite a lot in infancy. We suffered similar alarms and anxieties from our father’s strict regime and unpredictable temper, though Heather, six years after me, less so. She was so much younger than us, arriving at a time when he was physically weaker and older, with fewer temptations beckoning from the world outside family. He had given up cigarettes, alcohol, going to the pub and the ‘races’ and also, women, as far as could be ascertained.

In fact, probably my 90th!

And so .... my 92nd has come and gone with me in reasonable state for a nonagenarian, though the atrial fibrillation does tend to make me breathless during exertion! The memory is OK, though fraying at the edges, while the outer appearance is gradually crumbling despite restorative attempts and disguise. All in all, the verdict is ‘Could be worse’ which sounds self-congratulatory but is more self-reassurance! Meanwhile, as part of the doomed efforts to keep looking as I did ten years ago, I acknowledge that time cannot linger, while the waist proceeds to thicken and the hair to thin.

Emily Bronte, from a painting by brother
Bramwell.

No doubt triggered by my recent birthday, I have reminisced several times, quietly to myself, over Birthdays Past, remembering so many pleasurable occasions, though the other less-than-pleasant memories do seem to be inevitably stronger. I recently read in the current Literary Review, Emily Bronte’s lines in an untitled lyric poem she wrote at 21in the Autumn of that year, (1837) in a sad commentary on her life:

“This dark night has won me/ To wander far away/ Old feelings gather fast upon me/ Like vultures round their prey. “

Some of 'the gang'. During my 
growth spurt at perhaps 12 or 13.

My memories are not vulture-dark and overall, the childhood I recall was full of happy hours with two sisters and a mother I loved who tried so hard to protect us from our father, and give us all she could. I fondly recall the carefree play with the gang of boys with whom we shared imaginative games and unthinking hours of just being together. But life was lived beneath a canopy of fear at times, though mostly, it was just watchful apprehension which needed to be maintained. Once, we had all been playing ‘in the wood’ next-door to our house, our main playground, and as we wandered homeward, I carelessly and completely untypically, broke a piece off the log fence of the garden opposite our house. I had no idea why I had done it, but it was on the spur of the moment and didn't seem to involve any thought about what I was doing. The fence belonged to the retired Superintendent of Police with the big car, whom I didn't know but of whom we were much in awe.  I was horrified when the voice of his unseen wife shouted, “You naughty girl. I’m going to tell your father.” Heart thudding against ribs, I desperately tried to apologise. When Mrs. Superintendent, outraged, arrived at the scene of her fence desecration, one of the boys just said, briefly,to her, “He'll kill her!"

All girls together in 1945, with friend Pamela.

She didn’t speak as Esme and I crossed the lane to go home but strangely, we never did hear any more of it and after several days, I stopped worrying though I took care to avoid the neighbours opposite whose fence henceforth  remained beyond even my psychological reach!

Family party, possibly an end of war celebration, 1945.

Mum, born April 1902, in 1952.

Alternatives to Prison

Prison can both punish and reform

 As prison places become more difficult to find for an increasing number of criminals, it seems a good idea to consider alternatives to imprisonment, but perhaps a better place to start is to think about the entire subject of criminals and how society contains and/or punishes them.

There are reasons why the ‘socially straight’ might want protection from people who steal from them or attack them or deceive them to gain material benefits for themselves. There is less agreement on how to deal with, i.e. how to punish, offenders, but there are four possible reasons for sanction: retribution; deterrence; rehabilitation; incapacitation.

Society generally considers prison to be the most appropriate punishment for a range of crimes, and this solution both incapacitates the offender, removed as he is from society and opportunities for further criminal activity while giving the perpetrator the opportunity and seclusion for serious reflection. Loss of liberty is, in itself, a punishment which may bring resentment and resistance. Meanwhile, the victim has the satisfaction of seeing appropriate punishment for offenders and the relief of the offender being removed from the scene, albeit temporarily. It is also hoped that the possibility of prison will deter the criminal from future offending behaviour, but in the British system, the additional idea of targeted rehabilitation for the offender seems relatively remote. Rehabilitation is shown to help ease the offender’s re-entry into society and yet is less widely used with adults than other sanctions, although popular when treating juvenile offenders where it is effective.

In spite of societal approval for imprisonment, decades of research show that while prison removes the offender from his normal life and with it, opportunities for committing further crimes, while also carrying an unwelcome societal stigma for the perpetrator, research also shows that it is the least effective place in which to rehabilitate offenders. In fact, some studies show that a stint in prison
increases the likelihood that inmates will reoffend   

One widespread attempt at an alternative solution to the problem of punishment is Probation. This allows low-risk or first-time offenders to remain in their community under close court-imposed conditions while receiving therapy such as counselling or treatment programmes (therapy) promoting behavioural reform. The emphasis of these counselling and behavioural reform programmes must be on promoting hope and motivation. Probation  is less expensive than imprisonment and can help maintain family ties while enabling offenders to continue working, earning and paying taxes thus contributing positively to the community. Probation also has the added benefits for the offender, of reducing social stigma and aiding social reintegration.

The chief risk to success in using Probation, is recidivism. Despite close supervision by Probation Officers, a significant proportion of probationers, up to half of all offenders, reoffend. There is also a degree of inconsistency between Probation Services, region by region, with strong leadership in some and less effective management in others and this may both compromise public safety in some districts while producing results of variable quality for those involved.

Reports highlight that probation systems often suffer from underfunding and fragmented services leading to a varying quality of effectiveness, all of which limit their ability to achieve the long-term goal of the rehabilitation of offenders. However, probation is nonetheless a valuable tool for balancing rehabilitation, cost savings and community safety. Its strengths lie in promoting reform, reducing prison overcrowding and maintaining social ties while its weaknesses stem chiefly from recidivism.

.  

  
  



 

Empress Matilda: Queen of the Romans, Ruler of the English

Matilda, Holy Roman Empress 
and claimant to the English throne 1127.
Daughter of Henry 1.
Image from the Golden Book of St Albans

 

King Henry 1

A  newly-published book by Elisabeth van Houts, described as a thoroughly researched, scholarly biography of a remarkable woman, tells a wonderfully interesting narrative of Henry 1’s only legitimate child, his daughter, Matilda, who was officially recognised as his heir at a ceremony in Normandy, when the entire Anglo-Norman nobility swore to support her claim to the English throne as England’s first queen regnant. This was a surprisingly open-minded decision given the fact that she was a woman, and that there were also at least 20 other illegitimate offspring of the notoriously sexually incontinent Henry, with perhaps equal claims to the throne.

Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor

However, once the decision had been made regarding Matilda’s future role, not of course by her but by Henry and his counsellors, she was betrothed to Henry V, the Holy Roman Emperor, in 1109 at the age of seven and sent to Triers to learn the language and customs of his people. Henry was two decades older than Matilda and as she matured, he educated her in the art of government clearly trusting her judgement when leaving her to rule in his absence as Regent; an extraordinary responsibility for one so young and a tribute to her strength of character and political acumen. He died early and unexpectedly in 1125, leaving Matilda a widow at 23. 

Geoffrey, Count of Anjou

But the royal hand of a princess could not be left long alone and her father quickly found her a suitor, Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, ten years her junior and a pessimist whose motto, “Bad today; worse tomorrow” was carved above the gate to one of his castles.  The political aim of the union was to cement peace between Normandy, Anjou and England but it was a politically unequal decision despite which, the couple managed to form the necessary effective working relationship. This clever precaution proved to be resilient when, within one month of the death of Henry 1, Stephen, one of Matilda’s cousins and a favourite of King Henry, had himself crowned King of England with the blessing of the Pope, and retaliatory action was required.                                                 

Matilda began a vigorous campaign in Normandy to secure her inheritance and demonstrated a fearless energy in achieving her goal. Two months after giving birth to her third son, she led an army to rescue her wounded husband, Geoffrey, who was described by a contemporary as "his wife's stipendiary commander," an indication of where the power in the relationship lay! True to form, it was Matilda who invaded England in 1139, supported by another half-brother, Robert, the first Earl of Gloucester. Within two years, she had captured Stephen and grown closer to her ambition of ruling as Female Lord of the English. For several months in 1141, she enjoyed all the powers of a monarch, issuing coinage, consulting her advisers and appointing loyal men to earldoms and bishoprics. But what had seemed a

Stephen, King of England 1141

fairytale ending to Matilda's story was abruptly reversed as she was preparing for her coronation when a serious  rebellion in London forced her abrupt retreat and capitulation. By the end of that year, 1141, Stephen was back on the throne. Matilda had returned to England, remaining for several more years, controlling a significant swathe of the south west but never regaining her earlier eminence and power. She consequently lived chiefly at her base in Devizes Castle, while vigorously supporting her son's claim to regal power.                                                 

King Henry 11 in 1154
formerly Henry FitzEmpress.
son of Matilda.

 Hopes  were now indeed, increasingly pinned on the next generation although the heir, her half-brother and next in line, was allegedly "more devoted to the bedchamber than to war."  Happily for the family fortunes, and probably for the stable political future of England, Matilda's son, Henry FitzEmpress, was altogether a more impressive character and when he turned 15 and announced his ambitions for the English throne, she decided to renounce her claim and return to Rouen from where she energetically supported his regal claim.  She also acted as his enforcer in Normandy, a significant region of power for the English throne and a possible base for a rival regal claim. Here, the powerful local gentry were frequently reminded that if they did not follow orders, "my mother , the Empress and Lord, will make them happen."  

 After FitzEmpress became Henry 11 of England in 1154, he implicitly acknowledged his mother's extensive political experience by consulting her on an array of problems and possible solutions. He certainly followed her advice to treat his nobles harshly so that, like hawks deprived of food, they would become more obedient. She also warned against frequent public appearances as this kept to a minimum the opportunities for subjects to present those irritating petitions with difficult problems for him to solve.  Hostile contemporary chroniclers accused Matilda of "intolerable indignation" and "insufferable arrogance"; even her friend and confidant, Nicholas of Mont-aux-Malades, described her as "a  tyrant of Norman stock" in the mould of her grandfather, William the Conqueror. At times she was called upon to display the "humble and gentle behaviour proper to a woman." a somewhat over-optimistic entreaty considering her forthright character. Perhaps her tomb epitaph best conveys the twelfth century summary of its opinion of her position: "Great by birth; greater by marriage; greatest in her offspring," though this seems to me to undersell her character and achievements.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

The Bezalel Academy of Art and Design

 The Bezalel Academy was founded as an art movement in 1906 in Jerusalem and is now recognised as Israel's oldest institution of higher education in the field of art and design. Boris Schatz, the 'father of Israeli art', left his position as Head of the Royal Academy of Arts in Sofia, Bulgaria to found the Academy and establish an institution that combined education and craftsmanship, merging Eastern and Western cultures by providing places for artists to work and study. Although Jewish art in Mandatory Palestine had a history that reached back to at least the mid-19th century, the commonly-held opinion by 1906 was to dismiss the earlier works as of little value and to laud the importance of Boris Schatz as a pioneer who attempted "to create a Jewish art, indeed, a Palestinian art" in part by the establishment of the Bezalel School. Yona Fischer suggests that Bezalel is, within the historical context of Zionism, a movement that "divides past and future"of an emerging Israel "searching its own definition." 

Bezalel Academy buildings 1913

The Bezalel artists blended varied strands of tradition with innovations in producing paintings and craft objects that invoked Biblical themes, Islamic design and European art traditions such as Art Nouveau, Symbolism and included tradtional Persian and Syrian art. Their efforts were a noble attempt to carve out a distinctive style of Jewish art for the new nation planned to be established in the ancient Jewish homeland. In fact, ultimately, their group's works of art contributed significantly to the creation of a distinctive Israeli national culture. The artists were Zionist immigrants from Europe and the Middle East who had survived  all the psychological and social upheavals inherent in European Jewish lives and, inevitably, their personal experiences became 
interwoven with their art. The artists and designers were European-trained but the craftsmen who actually executed the works, were often members of the Yemenite Jewish community which had a long tradition of craftsmanship in precious metals. Filigree jewellery-making, primarily in silver, was a respected profession among the Yemenite Jewish community with both cultural and religious applications and these craftsmen-silversmiths created pieces by hand using traditional methods.

Bezalel woollen carpet depicting Rachel's tomb

The Bezalel story is inspiring, still after over 120 years. I only recently chanced upon a mention of this hugely important movement about which I knew nothing, and so have looked online for a little more contemporary information. Below are details taken from current publicity and convey an uplifting and joyful message announcing as it does, the Bezalel prime purposes nationally and culturally.

Boris Schatz, founder of Bezalel 1906

"For more than a century,  Bezalel has served as a magnet for people who dare to dream, dare to do. Filled with principles and passions, talent and vision, at the Academy students embark on a demanding quest to acquire the tools and training to hone their talents and perfect their craft. During the course of their  education, they are taught to meet the challenges of today's global society and blaze their own unique trail in tomorrow's world. Bezalel epitomises the essence of Israeli art and design and has been a crucial catalyst in the country's cultural development. Its unique status in Israeli history and society is the foundation for its conviction that educating and training aspiring artists requires endowing them with values and the seeds of responsible citizenship as well as skills.

Jozef Israel self-portrait, given to Schatz

Bezalel is known for its excellence in educating and enriching generations of aspiring artists, designers and architects; and for inspiring original thought, furthering tolerance and for promoting freedom of expression and creative libery that expand cultural horizons and impact conventional beliefs. The Academy encourages its students and faculty to use their distinctive skills and viewpoints to embrace humanistic and human-centred approaches to art and design. Undergraduate and graduate degrees are offered in a myriad of disciplines: architecture and urban design; fashion and jewellery; fine arts;glass and ceramics; industrial design; photography and  visual communication. Degree programmes are also offered in theory and policy of the arts and visual culture."

Boris Schatz was a  Lithuanian Jewish artist and sculptor who temporarily lived in Palestine. Schatz was the founder of the Bezalel School and would later be known as the father of the Bezalel School movement in Israeli art. His children, Zahara Schatz and Bezalel Schatz were also artists and Zahara gained recognition internationally.The 1955 Israel Prize for Art was awarded to her in recognition of the important national contributions of the whole Schatz family. After Schatz died, part of his art collection, including a famous self-portrait by Dutch Master, Jozef Israels, given to Schatz by the artist, eventually formed the nucleus of the Israel Museum.

1929 Exhibition poster

Old Bezalel silver filigree pendant with blue stone

 

  

Mid-20th century Bezalel silver pendant